- Electromechanical Relays: In electrical systems, electromechanical relays can be used for switching and protection functions. They offer a reliable and robust alternative to digital relays and can operate without the need for complex software or programmable electronics.
- Example: A power distribution substation might use electromechanical relays for overcurrent protection and circuit isolation instead of digital relays.
- Float Switches: Float switches are simple mechanical devices that can be used for detecting and controlling fluid levels in tanks or reservoirs. They are less susceptible to cyberattacks compared to digital sensors and control systems.
- Example: A water pumping station might use float switches to control the activation and deactivation of pumps based on water levels in the storage tanks.
- Manual Circuit Breakers: Manual circuit breakers offer a non-digital means of protecting electrical systems from overloads and short circuits. They can be manually reset or switched off in case of a fault, without relying on digital systems.
- Example: An industrial facility might use manual circuit breakers for protecting its electrical equipment from overloads and short circuits.
- Pressure Gauges: Analog pressure gauges can provide accurate measurements of pressure in pipes, vessels, or other containers without relying on digital sensors or communication systems.
- Example: A gas pipeline might use analog pressure gauges to monitor pressure levels and identify potential leaks or overpressure conditions.
- Mechanical Timers: Mechanical timers can be used to control the duration of specific processes or events without relying on digital systems.
- Example: An irrigation system might use mechanical timers to control the activation and duration of water flow to different sections of a field, ensuring optimal watering without the need for digital controls.
- Mercury or Bimetallic Temperature Sensors: These temperature sensors provide analog temperature measurements and can be used in applications where digital sensors are vulnerable to cyberattacks or interference.
- Example: A critical cooling system in a data center might use mercury or bimetallic temperature sensors to monitor and control temperatures, providing a reliable and cyber-resistant alternative to digital temperature sensors.
- Manual Valve Actuators: Manual valve actuators can be used to control the flow of fluids in pipes and vessels without relying on digital systems or electronic components.
- Example: A chemical processing plant might use manual valve actuators to control the flow of hazardous chemicals, ensuring a safe and reliable means of process control that is less susceptible to cyber threats.